Braille

accessibility · reading · communication · tactile

Raised dot patterns. Braille uses small bumps arranged in patterns that people can feel with their fingertips to read words and letters. Each pattern represents a different letter, number, or punctuation mark.

Independent reading. Unlike some other systems, braille is its own complete way of writing. Blind readers can understand braille directly without needing someone to translate it from regular printed letters.

Multiple writing tools. People can write braille using different devices like a slate and stylus (a tool with a needle), electronic braille typewriters, or computer machines that punch dots into paper.

Digital braille displays. Modern refreshable braille displays connect to computers and smartphones, letting braille readers access digital text by showing changing dot patterns they can feel in real time.